How does a breathalyzer work to measure blood alcohol content (BAC)?

A breathalyzer measures blood alcohol content (BAC) by detecting the concentration of alcohol in a person’s breath. The basic principle behind its operation is based on the fact that when alcohol is consumed, it is absorbed into the bloodstream and then expelled from the body through various means, including the breath.

 

Here is a simplified explanation of how a breathalyzer works:

 

Breath Sample Collection:

The individual blows into the breathalyzer, and the device collects a sample of their breath.

Infrared Absorption or Fuel Cell Technology:

There are two primary technologies used in breathalyzers: infrared absorption and fuel cell technology.
Infrared Absorption: In this method, the breathalyzer exposes the breath sample to infrared light. The molecules in the alcohol absorb specific wavelengths of infrared light, and the amount of absorption is proportional to the concentration of alcohol in the breath.
Fuel Cell Technology: This method involves a chemical reaction with alcohol that generates an electric current. The strength of this current is directly related to the amount of alcohol present, allowing the device to calculate BAC.

Conversion to BAC:

The breathalyzer converts the measurement into an equivalent blood alcohol concentration (BAC) level. BAC is typically expressed as a percentage, representing the proportion of alcohol in the bloodstream.

Display of Results:

The calculated BAC level is displayed on the breathalyzer’s screen, indicating whether the individual is within legal limits or if their BAC exceeds the permissible levels.

 

It’s important to note that while breathalyzers are generally accurate, various factors can influence their readings. Calibration, environmental conditions, and individual factors such as metabolism and health conditions can impact the accuracy of the results. Law enforcement agencies often use standardized and calibrated devices, and individuals using personal breathalyzers should follow manufacturer guidelines for proper use and maintenance.